Tudor Times is the online repository for all things Tudor and Stewart (1485–1625)

On 23rd July 1595, there was a raid by the Spanish on Cornwall. Although we tend to assume that the defeat of the Armada in 1588 was the end of the Spanish threat, in fact, the war continued until 1604 and there were repeated raids by both sides; the English concentrating on Cadiz, and the Spanish on Cornwall and Ireland.

On 23rd July, 4 ships were seen off Mousehole, and a force of up to 200 marines was landed, which burnt the town. The inhabitants fled to Penzance, and the Spanish proceeded to burn the next settlement, at Newlyn. Although the Deputy Lord Lieutenant, Sir Francis Godolphin, was at Penzance, he was unable to muster a significant defence force, and this town, too was burnt, and Mass said by the Spanish, with a vow that a monastery would be founded there when England was conquered. The invaders then returned to their ships.

On 22nd July 1515, the first Congress of Vienna was held. Two of the grandchildren of the Emperor Maximilian, Ferdinand and Mary, were married to another pair of siblings, Anna and Louis Jagiellon, children of the King of Hungary. The alliance was created with several aims in view - strengthening European defences against the incursions of the Turkish Muslim invaders; increasing Hapsburg claims to Bohemia and Hungary, and giving Bohemia and Hungary allies against Russia. Louis and Mary were married for only five years, before Louis, by then King of Hungary, was killed at the disastrous Battle of Mohacs in 1526. Mary later became Regent of the Netherlands. Ferdinand and Anna were married for some 24 years and had fifteen children. They succeeded to Bohemia on Louis' death, but control of Hungary eluded them. There is more on monarchs of European countries here

On 21st July 1567 Louis of Nassau was utterly defeated by Duke of Alva at the Battle of Jemmingen. Louis was leader in the revolt of the Netherlands against their feudal overlord, Philip II of Spain. Louis was a committed Calvinist, and, together with other Netherlandish nobles, demanded in 1566 that Philip withdraw the Inquisition from their territories. Eventually, the situation deteriorated into open warfare, with numerous battles and sieges. Louis survived the Battle of Jemmingen to fight again. He was badly wounded at the Battle of Mookerheyde in 1574 and withdrew from the fight, but his body was never found.