Military & Warfare

Sixteenth century Europe was in an almost constant state of war. The territorial ambitions of France and Spain in Italy, and the nationalist movements in the Spanish Low Countries ignited wars between states. Civil wars - the Peasants' War in Germany, and the Wars of Religion in France - caused the death of millions. England and Scotland were locked in constant low-level fighting on the Border, and the Scottish Lowlands suffered badly in the War of the Rough Wooing in the 1540s.